From the Journals

Enhanced antimicrobial prophylaxis cuts advanced HIV mortality

Publish date: July 20, 2017
By
Mitchel L. Zoler, PhD

View on the News

Newly diagnosed advanced HIV needs special care

A substantial number of HIV patients, when first diagnosed, continue to have advanced infection, defined by the World Health Organization as a CD4+ T cell count of fewer than 200 cell/mm3. In the REALITY trial, nearly half the patients with a CD4+ T cell count of fewer than 100 cells/mm3 at the time of their initial HIV diagnosis had mild or no symptoms. This finding highlights the limitations of relying on clinical assessment alone to identify people infected with HIV and needing testing and treatment.

In addition to showing the efficacy of enhanced antimicrobial prophylaxis compared with standard prophylaxis in the types of patients studied in REALITY, the results showed that the enhanced prophylaxis regimen had an acceptable side-effect profile, a high level of patient adherence to prophylaxis treatment, and no discernible effect on adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Nevertheless, the regimen used raises some concerns that warrant careful assessment: What is the risk posed by the enhanced regimen tested to producing microbial resistance to fluconazole or azithromycin? And is blanket use of this prophylaxis cost effective in locations where diagnostic testing for microbial infections is available?

The relatively consistent proportion of HIV-infected patients who newly present with a low CD4+ T cell count, as well as the seriously ill patients who return for care after an interruption in their HIV treatment, both call for renewed focus on the needs of patients with advanced HIV infection who have a high risk for illness and death.

Nathan Ford, PhD, and Meg Doherty, MD , are in the department of HIV/AIDS at the World Health Organization in Geneva. They had no disclosures. Their comments appeared in an editorial that accompanied the REALITY trial report ( N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 20;377[3]:283-4 ).


 

FROM THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

An enhanced antimicrobial prophylaxis regimen administered to patients with advanced HIV infection who were starting antiretroviral therapy for the first time led to significantly reduced mortality after 24 weeks, compared with patients who received standard antimicrobial prophylaxis, in a randomized, multicenter trial with 1,805 patients.

The enhanced prophylaxis regimen tested “is relatively inexpensive, has a low pill burden and an acceptable side effect profile, and would be easy to implement at primary health centers,” according to James Hakim, MD, and his associates. The report was published July 20 (N Engl J Med. 2017 July 20;377[3]:233-45).

grandeduc/Thinkstock
In addition to reduced mortality, enhanced prophylaxis resulted in significant improvements relative to standard prophylaxis in the rates of tuberculosis, cryptococcal infection, oral or esophageal candidiasis, death from unknown cause, and new hospitalizations. Enhanced prophylaxis also led to reductions in the rates of serious adverse events and grade 4 adverse events, compared with standard prophylaxis, although these did not reach statistical significance. The two treatment groups showed no significant difference in rates of severe bacterial infections, reported Dr. Hakim, professor of medicine at the University of Zimbabwe in Harare, and his associates.

The researchers who ran the Reduction of Early Mortality in HIV-Infected Adults and Children Starting Antiretroviral Therapy (REALITY) trial enrolled HIV-infected patients who were at least 5 years old who had not previously received antiretroviral therapy and had a CD4+ T cell count of fewer than 100 cells/mm3 at the time of entry. Enrollment occurred during June 2013–April 2015 at eight centers in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, or Zimbabwe. All patients started treatment with two nucleoside and one non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.

After randomization, 906 patients entered the subgroup that received enhanced prophylaxis with a single dose of albendazole, 5 days of azithromycin, 12 weeks of fluconazole, and open-ended prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, isoniazid, and pyridoxine (use of isoniazid and pyridoxine beyond 12 weeks depended on national guidelines in each country). Another 899 patients entered the subgroup that received standard antimicrobial prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and isoniazid only.

All-cause mortality at 24 weeks after entry was the primary endpoint. This occurred in about 9% of patients on enhanced prophylaxis and about 12% of those on standard prophylaxis, which calculated to a statistically significant relative risk reduction of 27% with enhanced prophylaxis, and a number needed to treat of 30 patients with enhanced prophylaxis to prevent one additional death. At 48 weeks after entry, the relative risk reduction for all-cause mortality with enhanced prophylaxis was a statistically significant 24% lower with enhanced prophylaxis.

Enhanced prophylaxis also led to significant gains in life years and quality-adjusted life years. Based on actual drug costs, enhanced prophylaxis cost $613 per life year gained and $761 per quality-adjusted life year gained.

The REALITY trial received no commercial support. Dr. Hakim has been an adviser to Mylan and a consultant to Gilead and Johnson & Johnson.

On Twitter @mitchelzoler

Next Article:

Subsequent squamous cell carcinoma risk higher in HIV patients with low CD4 count

Related Articles