in the Moscone Center
SAN FRANCISCO—The first-in-human study of AG-221 has confirmed IDH2 as a therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), according to investigators.
From the first dose of therapy, the high plasma level observed in patients “translates into a drastic decrease in 2-HG,” said Eytan M. Stein, MD, of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York.
Mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 result in the accumulation of the oncometabolite 2-HG. And high levels of 2-HG prompt epigenetic changes to the cell, resulting in impaired cellular differentiation.
“By cycle 1, day 15, at all dose levels, there was fantastic inhibition of 2-HG,” Dr Stein said. “Indeed, this drastic inhibition of 2-HG led to profound clinical benefit.”
He presented interim results of the phase 1 study of AG-221 at the 2014 ASH Annual Meeting (abstract 115).*
The investigators have treated 73 patients with advanced IDH2-mutation-positive hematologic malignancies since the study began in September 2013.
Patients were a median age of 67 years (range, 33-90), and 74% had IDH2 R140 mutations. Most had relapsed/refractory AML (n=55), and the rest had MDS (n=6), untreated AML (n=5), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (n=5), and myeloid sarcoma (n=1).
Patients received AG-221 as a single agent orally, once or twice a day, continuously, in 28-day cycles. Four dose-expansion cohorts at 100 mg each day were added last October.
To date, the maximum tolerated dose has not been reached, with the highest cumulative daily dose being 300 mg. Investigators observed a single dose-limiting toxicity in 1 patient: grade 5 hypoxia with fungal pneumonia and septic shock.
As of the data cutoff on October 1, 2014, 38 patients were still on therapy, and 35 had discontinued. Five patients withdrew after achieving complete remission (CR) in order to pursue allogeneic transplant.
Dr Stein pointed out that although the median number of prior chemotherapy regimens for the entire cohort was 2, “all of the patients who went on study were predicted to have dismal outcomes with conventional therapy.”
Safety
The therapy was well tolerated, with the most common adverse events (AEs) overall being typical for patients with advanced AML: nausea (23%), pyrexia (19%), and diarrhea (17%).
The majority of serious AEs were disease-related and unrelated to the study drug, Dr Stein said. Thirteen patients experienced 21 serious AEs that were possibly or probably related to treatment.
Investigators observed treatment-related leukocytosis in 3 patients, “but we think that is a differentiating effect of the study drug,” Dr Stein said.
He also pointed out that there was no increase in AEs with increased dose of the drug.
Of the 11 deaths reported, 9 were unrelated to the drug, and 2—sepsis/hypoxia and atrial flutter—were possibly related. The 30-day and 60-day all-cause mortality rates were 4.1% and 13.7%, respectively.
Efficacy
Of the 45 patients who were treated for at least 1 cycle and were evaluable for efficacy, 15 achieved a CR (n=6) or a CR with incomplete blood count recovery. The overall response rate is 56% (25/45).
“Responses appear durable,” Dr Stein commented, “and 90% of responders have had a response duration of at least 3 months, with the earliest patients on study having had durable responses for over 6 months.”
Many of the durable responses are partial remissions, he noted.
Seventeen patients have stable disease, and many of these patients remain on study. Two patients had progressive disease.
“Patients with stable disease have remained on study for a similar amount of time as the responders,” Dr Stein said, “suggesting that, despite the lack of a formal partial remission, many patients are deriving clinical benefit from study treatment.”
This study was sponsored by Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc., the company developing AG-221 in collaboration with Celgene.
Previous results from this study were presented at the 2014 EHA Annual Congress. Based on those results, AG-221 received fast track designation from the US Food and Drug Administration.
*Data in the presentation were updated from the abstract.